👉 The mathematics underlying this explanation involves several key concepts from calculus, linear algebra, and probability theory. Calculus, particularly differential equations, is used to model and solve problems involving rates of change and accumulation, which is essential in understanding dynamic systems. Linear algebra provides the tools to handle systems of linear equations and transformations, crucial for understanding vector spaces and matrices, which are fundamental in many applications, from physics to data science. Probability theory introduces concepts like random variables and distributions, enabling the analysis of uncertainty and stochastic processes. Together, these areas form a robust framework for modeling and solving complex problems in science, engineering, and beyond.